In Routing Protocol, Routing is the process of selecting paths in a network along which to send data on physical traffic. In different network operating system the network layer perform the function of protocol routing. In TCP/IP the IP protocol is the ability to form connections between different physical networks with the help of a Routing Protocol. [Read more…] about Routing Protocols
Distance Vector routing Protocol- What is Distance Vector routing ?
The distance-vector routing Protocol is a type of algorithm used by routing protocols to discover routes on an interconnected network. The primary distance-vector routing protocol algorithm is the Bellman-Ford algorithm. Another type of routing protocol algorithm is the link-state approach. [Read more…] about Distance Vector routing Protocol- What is Distance Vector routing ?
HDLC Protocol – High-level Data Link Control
HDLC – Short for High-level Data Link Control, a transmission protocol used at the data link layer (layer 2) of the OSI seven layer model for data communications. The HDLC protocol embeds information in a data frame that allows devices to control data flow and correct errors. HDLC is an ISO standard developed from the Synchronous Data Link Control (SDLC) standard proposed by IBM in the 1970’s. HDLC NRM (also known as SDLC) . [Read more…] about HDLC Protocol – High-level Data Link Control
SDLC Protocol – Synchronous Data Link Control
The SDLC or the Synchronous Data Link Control was first developed by IBM in 1975. It was modified by ISO and was named HDLC. Thus SDLC is a subset of HDLC and includes several minor additional features. [Read more…] about SDLC Protocol – Synchronous Data Link Control
What is IP Address? Types of IP Address
In order to provide computer to computer communication via Internet, we need a global addressing scheme. Such an addressing is provided by Internet Protocol (IP) at the network layer.
It is a 32-bit address This is called an IP address or logical address. Which is made up of the network ID, plus a unique host ID. This address is typically represented with the decimal value of each octet separated by a period (for example, 192.168.7.27). Every Host and router on the internet has an IP Address. This IP address is unique and no two devices on the Internet can have the same address at the same time. [Read more…] about What is IP Address? Types of IP Address
SubNetting – What is Subnetting?
The process of subnetting involves dividing a network up into smaller networks called subnets or sub networks. Each of these subnets has its own specific address. To create these additional networks we use a subnet mask. The subnet mask simply determines which portion of the IP address belongs to the host. The subnet address is created by dividing the host address into network address and host address. [Read more…] about SubNetting – What is Subnetting?
What is MAC address (Media Access Control)? – Definition
In a local area network (LAN) or other network, the MAC (Media Access Control) address is your computer’s unique hardware number. (On an Ethernet LAN, it’s the same as your Ethernet address.) [Read more…] about What is MAC address (Media Access Control)? – Definition
Private IP Address – What is a Private IP Address?
An IP address is equivalent to your postal address and just like the mail service, each computer has an address so that it will only receive the information that is send by someone else. [Read more…] about Private IP Address – What is a Private IP Address?
Public IP Address – What Is a Public IP Address?
An IP address is considered public if the IP number is valid and falls outside any of the IP address ranges reserved for private uses by Internet standards group. Public IP addresses are used by servers (including those for Web sites and DNS servers), network routers or any computer connected directly to the Internet via a modem. [Read more…] about Public IP Address – What Is a Public IP Address?
Multihomed – What is Multihomed?
A Computer with multiple IP addresses to connected networks is known as Multihomed. A multihomed host is physically connected to multiple data links that can be on the same or different networks. For example, a computer with a Windows 2003 Server and multiple IP addresses can be referred to as “multihomed” and may serve as an IP router. [Read more…] about Multihomed – What is Multihomed?
IPV4 vs IPV6
Internet protocol Version 4 (IPv4): Internet protocol is glue that holds the internet together. It transfers the datagrams from source to destination without considering that whether the machines are on the same network or not. IP is the main transport mechanism used by TCP/IP suit of protocols. IP provides connection-less, unreliable services. [Read more…] about IPV4 vs IPV6
Distinguish between Datagram Packet switching and virtual Circuit switching
Conceived in the 1960’s, packet switching is a more recent technology than circuit switching which addresses a disadvantage of circuit switching: the need to allocate resources for a circuit, thus incurring link capacity wastes when no data flows on a circuit. [Read more…] about Distinguish between Datagram Packet switching and virtual Circuit switching
What is Time space switching?
Time space switching:- A time space (ts) switch takes the outputs of several time-division switches, for example, TSI switches and connects them as inputs as a space division switch. The effect of this paired arrangement is that packets can be swapped between different output lines. [Read more…] about What is Time space switching?
Switching Techniques
Switching Techniques – In large networks there might be multiple paths linking sender and receiver. Information may be switched as it travels through various communication channels. There are four typical switching techniques available for digital traffic. [Read more…] about Switching Techniques
PPP Protocol
The majority of people, not having lines (cable or Ethernet) linked directly to the Internet, must use telephone lines (the most widely used network) to connect to the Internet. The connection is made using a modem, a device capable of converting digital data from the computer into analogue signals (that can circulate on telephone lines by amplitude or frequency modulation, in the same way as voice when you use the telephone). [Read more…] about PPP Protocol
Packet Switching
You are familiar with the-concept of switching. Circuit switching is the study of data link layer. The services of networks are provided by using the concept of packet switching. [Read more…] about Packet Switching
How many amplitude levels are there for each of the following methods
NRZ-L (No return to zero level): this kind of encoding uses negative voltage to represent a binary 1 and positive voltage to represent a binary 0. As shown under: non return to zero is related with the voltage i.e. voltage never returns to a value of zero and the value of the voltage during a bit time is known as level. bit time is related with the amount of time one bit of data occupies. [Read more…] about How many amplitude levels are there for each of the following methods
Multiplexing – What is Multiplexing ?Explain its Multiplexing Methods
Multiplexing or (muxing) – To combine multiple signals (analog or digital) for transmission over a single line or media. A common type of multiplexing combines several low-speed signals for transmission over a single high-speed connection. In other words, we can say that Muxing used for sharing of a medium and its link by two or more devices. It can provide both Efficiency and Privacy.
[Read more…] about Multiplexing – What is Multiplexing ?Explain its Multiplexing Methods
What is wired transmission? Type of wired transmission
Telephone line or telephone circuit (or just line or circuit within the industry) is a single-user circuit on a telephone communication system. Typically this refers to the physical wire or other signaling medium connecting the user’s telephone apparatus to the telecommunications network, and usually also implies a single telephone number for billing purposes reserved for that user. [Read more…] about What is wired transmission? Type of wired transmission
TCP/IP Reference Model
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) protocol suite is the engine for the Internet and networks worldwide. Its simplicity and power has led to its becoming the single network protocol of choice in the world today. TCP/IP is a set of protocols developed to allow cooperating computers to share resources across the network.
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Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA)
Carrier Sensed Multiple Access (CSMA) : CSMA is a network access method used on shared network topologies such as Ethernet to control access to the network. Devices attached to the network cable listen (carrier sense) before transmitting. If the channel is in use, devices wait before transmitting. MA (Multiple Access) indicates that many devices can connect to and share the same network. All devices have equal access to use the network when it is clear. [Read more…] about Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA)
ISDN – What is the ISDN?
The ISDN technology (Integrated Services Digital Network, or ISDN) means complete digitization so that all communication established in digital form, providing a wide range of services. [Read more…] about ISDN – What is the ISDN?
Token Passing Protocol
The Token-Passing Protocol relies on a control signal called the token. A token is a 24-bit packet that circulates throughout the network from NIC to NIC in an orderly fashion. If a workstation wants to transmit a message, first it must seize the token. At that point, the workstation has complete control over the communications channel. The existence of only one token eliminates the possibility of signal collisions. This means that only one station can speak at a time. [Read more…] about Token Passing Protocol
Multiplexer – What is Multiplexer? Type of Multiplexer.
A communications device that multiplexes (combines) several signals for transmission over a single medium. A de-multiplexer completes the process by separating multiplexed signals from a transmission line. Frequently a multiplexer and de-multiplexer are combined into a single device capable of processing both outgoing and incoming signals. A multiplexer is sometimes called a mux. [Read more…] about Multiplexer – What is Multiplexer? Type of Multiplexer.
Proxy Server – What is Proxy Server?
In Computer network, a proxy server is a server (a computer system or an application program) that acts as an intermediary for requests from clients seeking resources from other servers. A client connects to the proxy server, requesting some service, such as a file, connection, web page, or other resource, available from a different server. [Read more…] about Proxy Server – What is Proxy Server?
Benefits of the Client/Server Model ?
Divides Application Processing across multiple machines.Non-critical data and functions are processed on the client Critical functions are processed on the serve. [Read more…] about Benefits of the Client/Server Model ?
Client Server Architecture
Client/Server Architecture The client/server architecture significantly decreased network traffic by providing a query response rather than total file transfer. It allows multi-user updating through a GUI front end to a shared database. Remote Procedure Calls (RPCs) or standard query language (SQL) statements are typically used to communicate between the client and server. [Read more…] about Client Server Architecture
Server process – What is a Server process?
A server process (program) fulfills the client request by performing the task requested. Server programs generally receive requests from client programs, execute database retrieval and updates, manage data integrity and dispatch responses to client requests. [Read more…] about Server process – What is a Server process?
Client process – What is a Client process?
The client is a process that sends a message to a server process requesting that the server perform a task. Client programs usually manage the user-interface portion of the application, validate data entered by the user, dispatch requests to server programs, and sometimes execute business logic. [Read more…] about Client process – What is a Client process?
What is Server? What is Difference between Network Server and dedicated server.
Server: A server is a computer program or device in the network that provides resources, data, services, or programs to the client computer such as login requests processing, files access and storage, internet access, printing access and many other types of services. This architecture is called the client-server model. Servers are often referred to as dedicated. [Read more…] about What is Server? What is Difference between Network Server and dedicated server.