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(IP) Internet Protocol – What is Internet Protocol (IP)?

By Dinesh Thakur

The Internet’s basic protocol called IP for Internet Protocol. The objective of starting this protocol is assigned to interconnect networks do not have the same frame-level protocols or package level. The internet acronym comes from inter-networking and corresponds to an interconnection fashion: each independent network must transport in the weft or in the data area of the packet an IP packet, as shown in Figure. [Read more…] about (IP) Internet Protocol – What is Internet Protocol (IP)?

IPv6 – What is IPv6?

By Dinesh Thakur

IPV6 is also known as IPng (Internetworking Protocol, next generation). The numbers of users of the internet are increasing day by day and the services offered to these users are also increasing. A huge number of addresses are needed to accommodate such vast number of hosts. The internet not only transmits textual data. It also allows us to transmit audio and video data. In such data, the high speed data transfer is desired. Internet working protocol version 6 (IPv6) was developed to overcome the shortcomings of IPv4. [Read more…] about IPv6 – What is IPv6?

Bluetooth – What is Bluetooth?

By Dinesh Thakur

• Bluetooth is, with the infrared, one of the major wireless technologies developed to achieve WPAN. Bluetooth is a wireless LAN technology used to connect devices of different functions such as telephones, computers (laptop or desktop), notebooks, cameras, printers and so on. Bluetooth is an example of personal area network.
• Bluetooth project was started by SIG (Special Interest Group) formed by four companies  IBM, Intel, Nokia and Toshiba for interconnecting computing and communicating devices using short-range, lower-power, inexpensive wireless radios.
• The project was named Bluetooth after the name of Viking king – Harald Blaat and who unified Denmark and Norway in 10th century.
• Nowadays, Bluetooth technology is used for several computer and non computer application: [Read more…] about Bluetooth – What is Bluetooth?

IEEE 802.11: WIRELESS LAN

By Dinesh Thakur

We are talking of Wireless LAN (WLAN) that is to say, “Wireless LAN”, not to be confused with WAN course. Also referred Radio LAN (WLAN) if the communication medium is the radio (not light infrared for example).The stations of the wireless network can communicate directly with each other, we called Ad Hoc network type, or via relay terminals called APs (Access Points, PA) then it is an infrastructure network. the second type is by far the most common in business. [Read more…] about IEEE 802.11: WIRELESS LAN

Fast Ethernet : 100 Base-TX, 100 Base-FX, 100 Base-T4

By Dinesh Thakur

Fast Ethernet is the name of the extension to 100 Mbit/s Ethernet network to 10 Mbit/s. This is the IEEE 802.3u working group that is at the origin. Access technique is the same as in the Ethernet Version 10 Mbit/s, but at a speed multiplied by 10. transported frames are identical. This increase in speed may conflict with the wiring system and the possibility or not there such important transit flows. [Read more…] about Fast Ethernet : 100 Base-TX, 100 Base-FX, 100 Base-T4

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA).

By Dinesh Thakur

CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) also called spread-spectrum and code division multiplexing, one of the competing transmission technologies for digital MOBILE PHONES. The transmitter mixes the packets constituting a message into the digital signal stream in an order determined by a PSEUDO-RANDOM NUMBER sequence that is also known to the intended receiver, which uses. it to extract those parts of the signal intended for itself. Hence each different random sequence corresponds to a separate communication channel. CDMA is most used in the USA. [Read more…] about Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA).

Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD)

By Dinesh Thakur

To reduce the impact of collisions on the network performance, Ethernet uses an algorithm called CSMA with Collision Detection (CSMA / CD): CSMA/CD is a protocol in which the station senses the carrier or channel before transmitting frame just as in persistent and non-persistent CSMA. If the channel is busy, the station waits. it listens at the same time on communication media to ensure that there is no collision with a packet sent by another station. In a collision, the issuer immediately cancel the sending of the package. This allows to limit the duration of collisions: we do not waste time to send a packet complete if it detects a collision. After a collision, the transmitter waits again silence and again, he continued his hold for a random number; but this time the random number is nearly double the previous one: it is this called back-off (that is to say, the “decline”) exponential. In fact, the window collision is simply doubled (unless it has already reached a maximum). From a packet is transmitted successfully, the window will return to its original size. [Read more…] about Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD)

Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC)

By Dinesh Thakur

Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) An error detection mechanism in which a special number is appended to a block of data in order to detect any changes introduced during storage (or transmission). The CRe is recalculated on retrieval (or reception) and compared to the value originally transmitted, which can reveal certain types of error. For example, a single corrupted bit in the data results in a one-bit change in the calculated CRC, but multiple corrupt bits may cancel each other out. [Read more…] about Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC)

Time Division Multiplexing

By Dinesh Thakur

1. TDM is the digital multiplexing technique.
2. In TDM, the channel/link is not divided on the basis of frequency but on the basis of time.
3. Total time available in the channel is divided between several users.
4. Each user is allotted a particular a time interval called time slot or time slice during which the data is transmitted by that user.
5. Thus each sending device takes control of entire bandwidth of the channel for fixed amount of time.

[Read more…] about Time Division Multiplexing

Circuit Switching – What is Circuit Switching?

By Dinesh Thakur

Circuit switching is a switching method in which a dedicated communication path in physical form between two stations within a network is established, maintained and terminated for each communication session. It has basically three phases as circuit establishment, data transfer and circuit disconnect. The most common example of circuit switching is the telephone network. [Read more…] about Circuit Switching – What is Circuit Switching?