Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) is a set of CCITT /ITU standards for digital transmission over ordinary telephone copper wire as well as over other media. This technology uses ISDN adapters in place of modems and provides very fast speed up. ISDN requires adapters at both ends of the transmission. [Read more…] about Explain the Features and Form of Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN).
Packet Switching and Circuit Switching
There are two main types of Public Domain Networks (PDN). [Read more…] about Packet Switching and Circuit Switching
Telephone Networks
The earliest electronic network is the telephone system. This telephone network commonly uses analog technology that was quite different from digital technology used in the computer-based networks. The advantages of digital technology over the analog technology in terms of economics and services forced the telephone industry to move rapidly to install fiber and digital networks. [Read more…] about Telephone Networks
TCP/IP Services And Application Protocols
This section presents an overview of the most common protocols used for TCP/IP communication. The discussion focuses on the nature of these applications and the purpose they serve. [Read more…] about TCP/IP Services And Application Protocols
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
In TCP communications, not only TCP but also UDP (User Datagram Protocol) can meet the functional requirements defined in the transport layer. Unlike TCP, UDP is a connection-less type protocol in which the sending terminal does not check whether data has been received by receiving terminal. In other words, it is a less reliable protocol. However, this protocol makes it possible to omit a variety of processes thus reducing the load on the CPU. [Read more…] about User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
What is ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol)?
The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is an error reporting protocol that is an integral part of the IP protocol. ICMP communicate control data, information data, and error recovery data across the network. Problems that are less severe than transmission errors result in error conditions that can be reported. For example, suppose some of the physical paths in Internet fail causing the Internet to be partitioned into two sets of networks with no path between the sets. A datagram sent from a host in one set to a host in other cannot be delivered. [Read more…] about What is ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol)?
Data Routing
Routing refers to the process of selecting the shortest and the most reliable path intelligently over which to send data to its ultimate destination. IP routing protocol makes the distinction between hosts and gateways. A host is the end system to which data is ultimately deliverable. An IP gateway, on the other hand, is the router that accomplishes the act of routing data between two networks. A router can be a specialized device supporting multiple interfaces connected to a different network or a computer multiple interfaces (commonly called a multihomed host) with routing services running in that computer. [Read more…] about Data Routing
Data Encapsulation
Data encapsulation simply means adding the IP header to the data. The IP header consists of five or six 32-bit words; the sixth word is attributed to the IP options field. [Read more…] about Data Encapsulation
TCP/IP Encapsulation
TCP/IP encapsulate upper layers using headers for the purpose of exchanging control and status information about the progress of the communication because its protocols also engage in peer talk by encapsulating data with protocol headers before submitting it to the underlying layer for subsequent delivery to the network. The data communication using TCP/IP and Ethernet as it is passed down the layers by an application on node X to node Y across the network. [Read more…] about TCP/IP Encapsulation
What is Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)?
In 1969, the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), belonging to the United States Department of Defense, funded a project. ARPA established a network of switching packets of computers connected through rented point-to-point lines called the Network of the Agency for Advanced Research Projects (ARPANET), which provided the basis for the first investigations in network interconnection. The conventions developed by ARPA to specify how individual computers could communicate over the network became TCP / IP. [Read more…] about What is Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)?
Layering The Communications Process
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) was set up as an international standard for network architecture. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) took the initiative in setting up OSI. OSI has two meanings. It ‘refers to: [Read more…] about Layering The Communications Process
What is Network Architecture? Types of Network Architecture
Network architecture understood as the set of layers and layer protocols that constitute the communication system. [Read more…] about What is Network Architecture? Types of Network Architecture
Link-State Protocol
These are OSPF, IS-IS (Intermediate System to Intermediate System Intra-Domain Routing Exchange Protocol). [Read more…] about Link-State Protocol
Hierarchical Routing
Because of the global nature of Internet system, it becomes more difficult to centralize the system management and operation. For this reason, the system must be hierarchical such that it is organized into multiple levels with several group loops connected with one another at each level. Therefore, hierarchical routing is commonly used for such a system. [Read more…] about Hierarchical Routing
Distributed Routing
For routing in a network having two or more routers, routing tables are used to determine the destination to which a packet is to be forwarded. If two or m9re routes are available, the route that requires the least possible cost (link cost) should be selected so that the packet can be sent to the destination more quickly and more reliably. Cost can be generally considered as the number of routers via which the packet is to be sent. If changes are made to this network configuration, there are two methods to update the contents of routing tables, which will be described next. [Read more…] about Distributed Routing
ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) Table
The problem encountered while performing local routing may be summarized as follows: [Read more…] about ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) Table
Network Using Wan and Network Services
The major objective of network design is to select the network service and to determine the transmission speed for the system. Following are the typical examples of network using WAN and network services: [Read more…] about Network Using Wan and Network Services
Virtual LAN (VLAN) – What is Virtual LAN? Characteristics of VLAN.
VLANs have the primary role to enable easier configuration and management of large corporate networks built around many bridges. There are several implementation strategies for these virtual networks. [Read more…] about Virtual LAN (VLAN) – What is Virtual LAN? Characteristics of VLAN.
Switching Hubs – What is Switching Hubs? Characteristics of Switching Hub.
A switch, which resembles a hub, is known as switching hub. But there is stark difference between hub and switching hub or a switch. Hub acts as a LAN concentrator, and repeater. It consists of a single box with multiple ports. Each port is connected with a separate computer. A signal transmitted by a computer travels to all ports like a bus topology. [Read more…] about Switching Hubs – What is Switching Hubs? Characteristics of Switching Hub.
What is Gateway? Characteristics of Gateways.
The gateways are used to connect two networks that do not communicate with the same network protocol, so it is necessary to translate these protocols between both networks. These are predecessors of router nowadays and are technology-wise more expensive and highly functional. They in general consist of software which resides in a host computer, such as mid-range or mainframe. For example, a gateway can use as a connection point between an IBM AS400 microcomputer and a LAN-based PC. [Read more…] about What is Gateway? Characteristics of Gateways.
Routers – What is Router? Characteristics of Routers. Router Protocols
Routers are used to connect both similar and dissimilar LANs. Router operates on the network layer of OSI model using the physical layer, data link layer and network layer to provide connectivity, addressing and switching. These are highly intelligent devices. In case of TCP/IP network, Internet Protocol (IP) is used as addresses for network; this is the router which interprets the IP address and delivers the packet reliably. [Read more…] about Routers – What is Router? Characteristics of Routers. Router Protocols
Bridges – What is Bridges? Bridge Protocols
Bridges are connection devices between networks that operate in the data link layer of the OSI model. It means that bridges have more functionality (in terms of connection) than Layer 1 devices, such as repeaters and hubs. Bridges are used to segment networks that have grown to a point where data traffic through the physical environment of the network slows down the global transfer of information. [Read more…] about Bridges – What is Bridges? Bridge Protocols
Repeaters – What is Repeaters? Classification of Repeaters
The repeaters take the signal they receive from the network devices and regenerate it to keep it intact during its transmission through the physical environment. Since all components of the physical environment of a network (copper, fiber optic cables and wireless media) have to control the attenuation that limits the possible distance between the different nodes of the network, repeaters are an excellent way to extend the net physically. [Read more…] about Repeaters – What is Repeaters? Classification of Repeaters
100VG-Any LAN
The 100VG-AnyLAN is a new high-speed network technology, currently being defined by IEEE as IEEE 802.12 standard that provides a data rate of 100Mbps on 4-pair unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) cable. Future implementations also support 2-pair UTP, 2-pair shielded twisted-pair (STP), and fiber-optic cabling. The 100VG-AnyLAN technology supports all of the network design rules and topologies of 10 Base T Ethernet and token ring networks. These features allow organizations to upgrade their existing network and cable infrastructures to higher transmission speeds. [Read more…] about 100VG-Any LAN
100Base T – What is 100Base T (Fast Ethernet)? Type of 100Base T
Fast Ethernet is based on twisted pair and fiber-optic media systems, and provide high-speed network channels for use in the backbone systems. Fast Ethernet standard uses a particular protocol called auto-negotiation protocol that allows multi-speed Ethernet interfaces to be built. This section deals with 100BaseT. [Read more…] about 100Base T – What is 100Base T (Fast Ethernet)? Type of 100Base T
Implementation of LAN Using Wireless Technology
Wireless LANs offer the obvious advantage of avoidance of cabling costs, which can be especially important in a dynamic environment where there is frequent reconfiguration of the workplace. Additionally, wireless LANs provides LAN capabilities in temporary quarters where costly cabling would have to be abandoned. Each workstation is fitted with a low power radio antenna. [Read more…] about Implementation of LAN Using Wireless Technology
Implementation of LAN Using Fiber-Optic Cable
Due its outstanding performance characteristics, fiber-optic cable is also used in LAN s. FDD I (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) is the current LAN standard (IEEE and ANSI) for such a network. FDDI can be extended to the desktop, either directly or through the use of twisted pair in a CDDI application. [Read more…] about Implementation of LAN Using Fiber-Optic Cable
Ethernet Expansion
The maximum allowable length of a segment for the 10Base5 is 500 meters. Up to 100 nodes can be connected to a segment. That is up to 100 transceivers can be connected. Repeaters are used to connect terminals that are separated from one another beyond the distance specified above, or to connect more than a limited number of nodes. Each repeater has two ports so that it receives signals through one of these ports and sends them through the other port after amplification. An example of the 10Base5 LAN, Up to 1024 nodes can be connected to a LAN expanded by using repeaters. [Read more…] about Ethernet Expansion
CDDI (Cable Distributed Data Interface)
CDDI is also known as TPDDI (Twisted-pair Distributed Data Interface). CDDI employs Cat 5 UTP as an inexpensive means of connecting workstations and peripherals to FDDI fiber optic backbone LANs. A transmission rates up to 100 Mbps may be achieved in this scheme.
The maximum allowable distance between hub and the device is not specified categorically but generally it is kept less than 20 meters. Cat 3 UTP often is used for 4 Mbps token ring LANs, cat4 UTP has a bandwidth of 20 MHz and commonly is used for 16 Mbps token ring LANs.
What is Hub | Definition of Hub | Meaning of Hub
What is Hub: Another name of Hub is Ethernet Hub, Repeater Hub, Active Hub and Network Hub. Basically, it is a similar to switch but are not as “smart”, [Read more…] about What is Hub | Definition of Hub | Meaning of Hub